Smoking & Advertising Essays - Tobacco, Smoking, Habits, Cigarettes

Smoking & Advertising Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotion play a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the smooth character from R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has been attacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on the children of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association) spokesman, remarks that to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking(Breo). Researchers at the Medical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for any parent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. So what do the tobacco companies do to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a market that is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. Next to addiction, the tobacco industry depends on advertising as its most powerful tool in maintaining its success. Addiction is what keeps people smoking day after day; advertising cigarettes with delusive images is what causes millions to be tempted enough to begin the lethal habit. Cigarettes are the most heavily advertised product in America. The tobacco industry spends billions of dollars each year to ensure that its products are associated with elegance, prosperity and finesse, rather than lung cancer, bronchitis and heart disease (Taylor 44). Since there is little to distinguish one brand of cigarettes from the next, cigarettes must be advertised through emotional appeals instead of product benefits. Thus, the cigarette's appeal to the consumer is entirely a matter of perception, or rather, misperception. There are a few American publications - such as the Readers Digest, Good Housekeeping, the New Yorker, and Washington Monthly - that do not accept cigarette advertising as a matter of principle. But for the majority of American publications, the millions of dollars they receive each year from tobacco advertisements is not only enough to keep the advertisements running throughout the year, but enough to control the material they publish. On many occasions, newspaper and magazine editors have pulled out articles on smoking and health that they would have otherwise published if the articles did not have the ability to interfere with their relations with the cigarette companies. An article in the Columbia Journalism Revue, analyzing coverage which leading national magazines had given to cigarettes and cancer in the 1970s, concluded that it was: . . . unable to find a single article in 7 years of publication that would have given readers any clear notion of the nature and extent of the medical and social havoc being wreaked by the cigarette-smoking habit. . . one must conclude that advertising revenue can indeed silence the editors of American magazines. (qtd. in Taylor 45) Of all of the newspapers and magazines in America, those with the largest percent of teenage readers seem to be the tobacco industry's favorite places for advertising. Similarly, tobacco advertisement remains most popular among billboards located closest to colleges, high schools, and even junior highs. This approach of advertising to young people has been kept a closely guarded secret since, besides being illegal, the companies are ashamed of it. If they had a choice, cigarette companies would simply keep their business between the adult population and not have to worry about enticing children into smoking - but that is not the case. There are two fundamental reasons why it is necessary for the tobacco industry to market their products towards young people (Hilts 63-64): Nicotine addiction, which is paramount to the industry, does not develop in adults. Among adults over age 21 who begin smoking for the first time, over 90 percent soon stop completely (65). Among young people ages 12 through 17, who smoke at

Causes Of Political Violence Essays - Crime, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Causes Of Political Violence Essays - Crime, Psychiatric Diagnosis Causes Of Political Violence Political violence is like a festering wound, in that, without the aid of antibiotics the wound has the potential to depress the immune system and eventually overwhelm the individual, leading to death. In this analogy, antibiotics could represent forces that are always looking for the rogue virus's bent on the destruction of the whole body (society). I often wonder why people resort to violence, of any kind, to solve a particular problem. Questions can be asked of the individual(s) involved in carrying out the attacks, but the questions never seem to be answered in a way that will show why violence is needed to resolve conflict. Rather, excuses are rendered in the hopes that by the logic used in explaining why conflict must be resolved, this will justify the actions. This leads, though, to a sort of circular argument. For example, in the case of Saddam Hussein (put aside the fact that he is the president of a nation) is an idiot. Why exactly he felt it was justifiable to invade a cou ntry, who at the time had an OK relationship with the United States, and then think the US and/or other countries would allow him to forcibly occupy that country. Whatever his logic, his actions were not justifiable. I believe his logic was as follows: Something happened to his country (economically, socially, politically etc.) that he did not like or want to happen. Hussein decided to adopt the eye-for-an-eye approach to conflict resolution. Except he changed the rules and instead of responding in a like manner consistent with eye-for-an-eye, he went over board with his reaction. He forcibly invaded a country. I use the Persian Gulf War as a recent example of reasons for why people resolve conflict not through peaceful means but through violent actions. Iraq is not the only country in the system to use this type of logic when tackling an issue that is perceived to have only one avenue of approach to resolution: war. It seems that every, or nearly every, state in the world will resort to brute force to make a point. This then begs the question of, why? I will explore some of the popular assumptions for why people act as they do and try to come to some sort of agreement which we may all universally agree upon. Sederberg explains four of the most popular explanations for violence and revolution and points out some of the flaws in the arguments. The first explanation I will talk about is the Killer Ape Thesis, which basically states that humans are biologically programmed toward violence and that because we are programmed in this way, this is an explanation for the cause of violence. Sederberg also points out that certain questions need to be answered before anything else can be argued, such as what causes discontent? In the killer ape thesis discontent is a moot point. If we are in fact programmed toward violence than discontent should not be an issue. To say that hereditary genes toward violence are passed from one generation to another is to say we have no choice in the matter of violence. We would, simply, all be vicious killers with no way of not being otherwise. Discontent, however, is something humans can turn on and off, like anger, sadness, or happiness. The killer ape thesis is gre at in explaining violence but not in explaining the inclination toward violent expression (Sederberg 102). Clearly, biological factors do not incline us towards violence, but the Cherry Pie Thesis does in some way explain why we are violent. Sederberg describes the cherry pie thesis as one where biology or heredity may play no part in trying to explain why humans are prone to violence. He says that we are violent because of our culture. That is, we are violent because of, say, where we live or the era in which we grew up or the economic status we hold. This thesis though, like the killer ape thesis, is circular in its logic. Society may cause discontent among citizens but only with respect to history. For example, England and Ireland have been at war with each other for some time now; each fights the other

Common Redundancies in the English Language

Common Redundancies in the English Language One way to cut the clutter in our writing is to eliminate repetitious expressions. Because we so often see and hear redundancies (such as free gifts and foreign imports), they can be easy to overlook. Therefore, when editing our work, we should be on the lookout for needless repetition and be ready to eliminate expressions that add nothing to whats been said. Now does this mean that repetition must be avoided at all costs, or that good writers never repeat themselves? Certainly not. Careful repetition of key words and sentence structures can help establish clear connections in our writing. In effective rhetorical strategies of repetition, we consider how writers may rely on repetition to emphasize or clarify a central idea. Our concern here is with eliminating needless repetition - redundant expressions that make writing longer, not better. Following are some of the common redundancies in English. In specific contexts, some of these phrases may serve a purpose. More often, however, the phrases weigh down our writing with unnecessary words. We can eliminate the needless repetition in each case by omitting the word or phrase in parentheses. A (absolutely) essential(absolutely) necessary(actual) factsadvance (forward)(advance) planning(advance) preview(advance) reservations(advance) warningadd (an additional)add (up)(added) bonus(affirmative) yes(aid and) abet(all-time) recordalternative (choice)A.M. (in the morning)(and) etc.(anonymous) stranger(annual) anniversary(armed) gunman(artificial) prosthesisascend (up)ask (the question)assemble (together)attach (together)ATM (machine)autobiography (of his or her own life) B bald(-headed)balsa (wood)(basic) fundamentals(basic) necessitiesbest (ever)biography (of hisor herlife)blend (together)(boat) marinabouquet (of flowers)brief (in duration)(brief) moment(brief) summary(burning) embers C cacophony (of sound)cameo (appearance)cancel (out)(careful) scrutinycash (money)cease (and desist)circle (around)circulate (around)classify (into groups)(close) proximity(closed) fistcollaborate (together)combine (together)commute (back and forth)compete (with each other)(completely) annihilate(completely) destroyed(completely) eliminate(completely) engulfed(completely) filled(completely) surround(component) partsconfer (together)connect (together)connect (up)confused (state)consensus (of opinion)(constantly) maintainedcooperate (together)could (possibly)crisis (situation)curative (process)(current) incumbent(current) trend D depreciate (in value)descend (down)(desirable) benefits(different) kindsdisappear (from sight)drop (down)during (the course of)dwindle (down) E each (and every)earlier (in time)eliminate (altogether)emergency (situation)(empty) holeempty (out)(empty) spaceenclosed (herein)(end) resultenter (in)(entirely) eliminateequal (to one another)eradicate (completely)estimated at (about)evolve (over time)(exact) same(exposed) openingextradite (back) F (face) maskfall (down)(favorable) approval(fellow) classmates(fellow) colleaguefew (in number)filled (to capacity)(final) conclusion(final) end(final) outcome(final) ultimatum(first and) foremost(first) conceivedfirst (of all)fly (through the air)follow (after)(foreign) imports(former) graduate(former) veteran(free) gift(from) whence(frozen) ice(frozen) tundrafull (to capacity)(full) satisfactionfuse (together)(future) plans(future) recurrence G gather (together)(general) publicGOP (party)GRE (exam)green [or blue or whatever] (in color)grow (in size) H had done (previously)(harmful) injuries(head) honchoheat (up)HIV (virus)hoist (up)(hollow) tubehurry (up) I (illustrated) drawingincredible (to believe)indicted (on a charge)input (into)integrate (together)integrate (with each other)interdependent (on each other)introduced (a new)introduced (for the first time)(ir)regardlessISBN (number) J join (together)(joint) collaboration K kneel (down)(knowledgeable) experts L lag (behind)later (time)LCD (display)lift (up)(little) baby(live) studio audience(live) witness(local) residentslook (ahead) to the futurelook back (in retrospect) M made (out) of(major) breakthrough(major) featmanually (by hand)may (possibly)meet (together)meet (with each other)(mental) telepathymerge (together)might (possibly)minestrone (soup)mix (together)modern ______ (of today)(mutual) cooperation(mutually) interdependentmutual respect (for each other)(number-one) leader in ________ N nape (of her neck)(native) habitat(natural) instinctnever (before)(new) beginning(new) construction(new) innovation(new) invention(new) recruitnone (at all)nostalgia (for the past)(now) pending O off (of)(old) adage(old) cliche(old) custom(old) proverb(open) trenchopen (up)(oral) conversation(originally) createdoutput (out of)(outside) in the yardoutside (of)(over) exaggerateover (with)(overused) cliche P (pair of) twinspalm (of the hand)(passing) fad(past) experience(past) history(past) memories(past) recordspenetrate (into)period (of time)(personal) friend(personal) opinionpick (and choose)PIN (number)pizza (pie)plan (ahead)plan (in advance)(Please) RSVPplunge (down)(polar) opposites(positive) identificationpostpone (until later)pouring (down) rain(pre)board (as an airplane)(pre)heat(pre)record(private) industry(present) incumbentpresent (time)previously listed (above)proceed (ahead)(proposed) planprotest (against)pursue (after) R raise (up)RAM (memory)reason is (because)reason (why)recur (again)re-elect (for another term)refer (back)reflect (back)(regular) routinerepeat (again)reply (back)retreat (back)revert (back)rise (up)round (in shape) S (safe) haven(safe) sanctuarysame (exact)(sand) dunescrutinize (in detail)self-______ (yourself)separated (apart from each other)(serious) dangershare (together)(sharp) pointshiny (in appearance)shut (down)(single) unitskipped (over)slow (speed)small (size)(small) specksoft (in texture) [or (to the touch)]sole (of the foot)spell out (in detail)spliced (together)start (off) or (out)(still) persists(still) remains(sudden) impulse(sum) totalsurrounded (on all sides) T tall (in height)tall (in stature)(temper) tantrumten (in number)three a.m. (in the morning)(three-way) love triangletime (period)(tiny) bit(total) destruction(true) facts(truly) sinceretuna (fish)(twelve) noon or midnight(two equal) halves U (ultimate) goalundergraduate (student)(underground) subway(unexpected) emergency(unexpected) surprise(unintentional) mistake(universal) panacea(unnamed) anonymousUPC (code)(usual) custom V vacillate (back and forth)(veiled) ambush(very) pregnant(very) uniquevisible (to the eye) W (wall) muralwarn (in advance)weather (conditions)weather (situation)whether (or not)(white) snowwrite (down)

The Grand Canyon Caper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Grand Canyon Caper - Essay Example But many still consider the formation of the Grand Canyon an unsolved mystery. Some challenging the evolutionary account might ask how the relatively tiny river could erode such a colossal canyon when rivers like the Nile and the Amazon, which are many, many times larger and swifter, have not eroded away similar or larger canyons (Brown, 2008, p. 86). But if the Colorado River did not cut out the Grand Canyon, what did? One account from a former evolutionist, Navy SEAL, and MIT graduate, Dr. Walt Brown, lets the evidence left behind do the talking, demonstrating that the Grand Canyon was the result of a massive sheet of water rapidly sweeping over and cutting through the region in weeks – not erosion from a slow-running river over millions of years (Brown, 2008, p. 107). Once true scientific analysis is examined to uncover the mystery of the formation of the Grand Canyon and the smoke of unscientific theories that try to squeeze it into the evolutionary timeframe and process i s cleared, the most spectacular natural wonder in America becomes a testimony of what the rapid cataclysmic force of water can do. But from where could so much water come? ... What are the results of such breaching? The Strait of Gibraltar was most likely the result of the breach of the Mediterranean â€Å"lake,† the Bosporus and Dardanelles were evidently cut by the Black Sea’s rupture, and the opening at the Golden Gate Bridge was likely caused by the breach of â€Å"Lake California,† which filled the Great Central Valley before dumping into the Pacific (Brown, 2008, p. 107). So, when examining the topography around the Grand Canyon, one notices that just west of the Grand Canyon’s eastern border straddling the Four Corners region are two gigantic dry lakebeds ? Grand Lake and Hope Lake. The lowest points of these lakebeds are on their western banks, where both show geologic evidence of breaches ? one triggering the other (Brown, 2008, p. 117-18). Because these colossal lakes had no oceans or seas to dump into, their breaches violently channeled the Grand Canyon, as more water than what is contained in the five Great Lakes com bined gushed out from the western banks of Grand Lake and Hopi Lake to rip a 230-mile-long, 4-18-mile wide, and one-mile deep gash in the land in just weeks. Only a rapidly moving sheet of water ripping through the area would provide enough force to create the adjacent massive side canyons and hundreds-of-miles-long caverns not connected to the river (Brown, 2008, p. 107). But could such a massive canyon have only been created in weeks? Many geologists learned much from the eruptions of Mt. St. Helens in the early 1980s, which melted several glaciers that caused torrents of water to rapidly cut smaller-scaled stratified canyons and reformed Spirit Lake. To evolutionists’ chagrin, the stratified canyon walls resembling the Grand Canyon’s resulted from the lowering water level –

The Research Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

The Research Project - Assignment Example The rate of usage or even its rate of vacancy is a vital variable for the industry of hospitality. Just the way the owner of a company would wish that a productive tool is put into use as much as possible (unlike the paying of fixed costs whereas the company is not productive) so do hotels, restaurants and theme parks try to capitalize on the number of clients in all sectors. This resulted in the establishment of services with the objective of increasing the rate of usage offered by the consolidators of hotels. Information regarding the provided or needed items is brokered on the networks of business that are used by sellers and buyers. The objectives of this research are establishment of the evolution and growth of the industry of tourism, and its trends. Rationale The study of tourism as a field of academics is a recent matter, and has over the last few years seen rapid developments in the research focus together with methodological sophistication. The tracking of these changes off ers insights into the development and growth of research in the field, and citing the areas that require further focus. The industry of tourism and hospitality in the United Kingdom has come up as one of the major industries that drive the growth and development of the services sectors in the industry (Pechlaner et al., 2009). Tourism in the United Kingdom and the world as a whole has seen considerable development in the recent years and the nation has serious potential of becoming a major destination for tourists. The tourism industry of the country is doing well because of a rise in the number of tourists that come from abroad and greater number of the citizens that travel to the domestic destinations to view various attractions. Over the past few years, the actual growth has come from within the local sector since more than ten million people from within the country travel to see the attractions in a year. This consequently leads to a growth in the per capita income and improved lifestyles. This research therefore intends to establish the evolution and growth of the industry of tourism, and its trends. Research Ethics The researcher will apply Human Research Ethics for the use of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The major concern for this research will be the safety of the participants. This will be attained by assessing the risks and possible gains of the research and by using the information available for monitoring the progress of the project. Participants’ written approval will be sought and they will be informed that the information gathered for the research project will not be used for any other purpose than the intended. Care will also be taken to protect confidential and sensitive information and participants will be informed of any unanticipated findings that may affect them. Literature review According to Dann et al (2008), taking a look at different industries, we find that barriers to entry by the new entrants and competitiv e advantage between the existing players are very fundamental. Among some other things, the players in the industry of hospitality and tourism find benefits in the old classics (site), initial and continuing support on investment (which is reflected in the facilities material maintenance and the luxuries situated within), and specific themes of promotion arm that the

Producerscareer Paper -- essays papers

Producerscareer Paper Introduction I believe by researching this career, I will learn more about what it’s like to be a producer. I also believe that my research will help me choose what occupation I’d like to have when I finish school. I chose this profession as the topic of my career paper because I want to learn more about it because I may be interested in going into this career. Job Description Producers have financial and administrative control over the making of movies, plays, and TV shows. Producers hire directors, principal members of the cast, and negotiate contracts with artistic personnel, often in accordance with collective bargaining agreement (â€Å"Actors, Directors, and Producers† 180). Together with the director, the producer also hires other members of the staff. A large staff includes several production assistants, associate producers, or assistant producers who are in charge of various parts of the production. These assistants help producers perform their task. During production, the producer is in charge of all the people involved in the movie, television, or theater project, including actors, directors, and production workers (CIC 154). Kaci Wall Anyone with enough money can produce a play or movie. A person successful in business who has contacts in the theater may raise the money to produce a play. Someone experienced in films, such as a director, may raise enough money to produce a film. Producers are entrepreneurs. The...

Why Not to Use Plastic Bags

As everyone knows, the humble plastic bag has become an integral part of our lives†¦ In fact.. the plastic bag has become so common that we hardly notice their presence. Yet if you look around you.. you will notice that we are all in a swamp†¦. of plastic bags. They are everywhere. We use them to pack clothes, shoes, pens, tools, video games.. even fruits and vegetables. They are light weight, high strength, very flexible and come at a relatively low cost. Well All of this might sound wonderful. The plastic bag is an agent of air pollution, cancer and even some skin diseases. People who use these bags†¦ have made it into an environmental menace†¦ which has made many of our world's clean and glimmering metropolises into a†¦ pile of garbage. Did you know†¦ they are a slow poison in our daily life? When you use plastic bag do you know how they are made? If you don't lend me your ears†¦ Many of the plastic bags at the super market are made through recycled plastic; this means the old plastic is burnt at high temperatures and melted down. For this process †¦ a large number of hazardous chemicals are used.. which makes them a severe health hazard. When you use a plastic bag you could be responsible for giving your family members cancer, now your all wondering how this has come to be. When plastic bags and other plastic materials are burnt below 7,000 degrees they produce gasses which can lead to skin disease and some forms of cancer. Also when you bring your family products wrapped in polythene like fish, meat and vegetables they get can get infected by anaerobic bacteria, which is a germ responsible for skin cancer. Before you go ahead and throw away a plastic bag consider these true facts. Plastic bags end up in landfill. The bags are made of polymers and they are non- bio degradable (this means they cannot be broken down by the earth). Now you will ask why can't we just remove the polymers from the bag well the simple answer is.. Polymers are the same substance that makes the plastic bag a â€Å"performance material† get rid of them and your plastic bag will be as flimsy as a piece of paper†¦ Next time you go shopping and wonder why the prices of many fruits and vegetables have become more expensive†¦ consider this fact. The Plastic bags that are embedded in soil do not allow water to go into the earth. This becomes a huge problem for farmers and their crops. If their crops don't get enough water†¦ their crops will die and this is one of the factors that cause inflation in the cost of many fruits and vegetables. If you are one of the people who cares about animals.. you would like to know that humble plastic bag is also a health hazard to animals, especially in large cities where animals meet their end after eating.. a plastic bag. Even in places like zoos where animals are meant to be protected, many zoo keepers have found their animals munching away on plastic material that visitors and people like you have thrown away. Plastic bags that end up in our oceans and lakes†¦ have become a huge problem for the native wildlife. Many researchers have found the population size of animals such as the sea lion.. have de crease because of the plastic bags. These gentle creatures run into the plastic bag and it gets wrapped around their neck causing them to suffocate. The majestic sea turtle, which has been around from many millions of years are having their life drastically cut short by the plastic bags. When a sea turtle see's a plastic bag floating right past it, it mistakes the bags shape and colour for that of a jellyfish. The jelly fish is the sea turtles main source of food. So when it eats the plastic bag it also suffocates. So please†¦ don't be one of the people who are responsible for the extinction of the sea turtle! If you're a bird lover.. ou should know that even our flying friends are affected by the bag. Birds sometimes mistake the plastic bags for food but when they go to eat it the bag gets lodged in their beaks causing them to starve to death. The latest figures ravel that over 10million plastic bags are being used every day. All of this can be prevented†¦ by one simple solution. Next time you go to the super market look for an alterative to the plastic bag; this could either be a paper bag or a cloth bag. If you love your world.. and if you want to live in a cleaner environment†¦